In an attempt for better treatment of bacterial infections, various semisolid formulations containing 5% w/w of metronidazole were prepared and evaluated for in vitro drug release and in vitro skin permeability using dialysis membrane and rat abdominal skin respectively using model independent approach. The f1 lower than 15 and f2 higher than 50 indicated similarities in the in vitro diffusion and permeation profiles of the extemporaneously prepared selected semisolid formulations and marketed silver sulfadiazine 1% cream, USP. Amongst all the semisolid formulations prepared, carbopol gel base was found to be most suitable dermatological base for metronidazole and the results obtained for in vitro diffusion and in vitro skin permeation studies were comparable with that of marketed silver sulphadiazine 1% cream, USP.

The rationale of this study acquaint with improvement of sertraline hydrochloride (STH) solubility, formulation of STH nanoemulsion (NE) for intranasal delivery to achieve rapid onset of action and to omit first pass effect with enhanced bioavailability. STH nanoemulsion (NE) system was formulated consisting of capmul MCM as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant and propylene glycol as co-surfactant. The developed system was characterized for phase behaviour and solubilization capacity and water titration method was utilized for the preparation of STH nanoemulsions (SNEs). All formulations were evaluated for globule size, drug content, nasal ciliotoxicity, pH and viscosity. A high STH solubility of 94.28 mg/ml was observed with the NE system containing 20.0% capmul MCM, 33.3% surfactant/co-surfactant (Labrasol:Transcutol P at 2:1) and 46.7% water. In vitro diffusion studies for nasal absorption explanation were executed on goat nasal mucosa. In vitro nasal absorption through goat nasal mucosa was found to be 62.85±0.56%. These results suggested that intranasal delivery of STH may be beneficial over the available oral delivery for the treatment of depression.

The dermal route has been recognized as one of the highly potential routes of systemic drug delivery and provides the advantage of avoidance of the first pass effect, ease of use and withdrawal (in case of side effects), and better patient compliance. The skin, in particular the stratum corneum, poses a formidable barrier to drug penetration thereby limiting topical and transdermal bioavailability. Ethosomes are non-invasive delivery carrier system which is mainly used for delivery of drug to the systemic circulation. Ethosomes have higher quantity of ethanol. Ethanol penetration of drug into the stratum corneum by increases the fluidity of cell membrane lipids. The present review includes the composition, mechanism of penetration, advantages, method of preparation and characterization of ethosomes. The applications of ethosomes for various type of drug delivery, cosmetics use and marketed preparations are also described.

The aim of present work was to formulate diclofenac diethylamine microspheres using a natural wax, to be applied topically on the skin for the purpose of sustaining its release to avoid the side effects resulting from the oral administration of the drug and also to reduce the dosing frequency. Wax collected was purified using reported method and evaluated for physicochemical parameters. Drug excipients compatibility was performed using IR and DSC study. Following preliminary evaluations on process conditions for preparation of microspheres by cooling induced solidification technique, a 32 full factorial design was employed to investigate the influence of the formulation variables like concentration of wax and concentration of Tween 80 on the particle size, entrapment efficiency and drug release. Developed formulation followed Higuchi model for drug release from microspheres. Further, these microspheres were dispersed in carbopol 934 gel (1% w/w). The gel was evaluated for appearance, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug diffusion study. Korsmeyer-Peppas equation was followed for in vitro drug diffusion from gel containing microspheres. Diffusion coefficient of Korsmeyer-Peppas equation indicated that the non-Fickian mechanism was basically involved in the drug release from gel containing microspheres.

The present study was done to evaluate the antiurolithiatic effect of a polyherbal formulation on glycolic acid-induced urolithiasis in rats. Oxalate urolithiasis was produced by the addition of 3% glycolic acid to the diet for a period for 42 days. In this study the level of oxalate, calcium and phosphorus was significantly increased whereas the level of sodium and potassium was significantly decreased. Treatment with cystone significantly decreases the level of oxalate, calcium and inorganic phosphorus. There was a significant increase in the kidney weight (both dry and wet weight) of animals receiving 3% glycolic acid which was significantly reduced by the treatment with cystone and polyherbal formulation. Results suggested that the increase in calcium and phosphate excretion could be due to defective tubular reabsorption in the kidneys while treatment with polyherbal formulation and ABP at the dose of 200 mg/kg markedly reduced the levels of these ions, showing the protective effect of polyherbal formulation and ABP (alcoholic Bryophyllum pinnatum) against urolithiasis.

The objective of the study was to develop simple RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine and rosuvastatin. In this method, kromasil C18 (100 mm, 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column was used. The mobile phase and flow rate used were {(acetonitrile 40, 55, 70, 40, 40): (phosphate buffer 60, 45, 30, 60, 60)}, (Time 0.5, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 2.0). UV detection was monitored at 239 nm. Calibration graphs were established for amlodipine and rosuvastatin respectively. The average retention time for amlodipine and rosuvastatin was found to be 2.40±0.16 min and 4.28±0.04 min, respectively. The intraday and Interday precision expressed as percent relative standard deviation was below 2%. The validated HPLC method was found to be rapid, precise and accurate and can be readily utilized for analysis of amlodipine and rosuvastatin in bulk forms.

Hydrotropic solution may be a proper choice to preclude the use of organic solvents so that, a simple, accurate, novel, safe and precise method could be developed for estimation of poorly water soluble drug, lercanidipine hydrochloride. Solubility of lercanidipine hydrochloride (LER) is increased by using 2M citric acid as hydrotropic agent. There was more than 61 fold solubility enhancement in hydrotropic solution as compared with distilled water. LER showed the maximum absorbance at 363 nm. At this wavelength, hydrotropic agent and other tablet excipients did not show any significant interference in the spectrophotometric assay. The developed method was found to be linear in the range of 50-250 μg/ml with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9997. The mean percent label claims of tablets of LER in formulation-I and formulation-II estimated by the proposed method were found to be 98.63±0.73 to 98.93±0.57 respectively. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and values of accuracy, precision and other statistical parameters were found to be in good accordance with the prescribed values. As hydrotropic agent was used in the proposed method, this method is ecofriendly and it can be used in routine quantitative analysis of drug in bulk drug and dosage form in industries.